{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"54b59534c65f93416c92e4ef49f68f49dae80cd4867b6f77fb36bcc80de1d884","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:54Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"f8e6e522c40d80126d3131ae68469246b30bcd0fb0507432992c69a11fbe31d0","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.cosmic-ray-antimatter.spectral-breaks","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and helium flatten near a few hundred GeV and steepen again near 10 TeV. Simple models of acceleration and travel through the Galaxy predict a single smooth slope.","posed_since":"2011","precise":"Proton and helium spectra harden at rigidity $R \\sim 200\\ \\text{to}\\ 300\\,\\mathrm{GV}$ (PAMELA, AMS-02) and soften near $10\\ \\text{to}\\ 15\\,\\mathrm{TeV}$ (DAMPE, CALET), and secondary-to-primary ratios such as $B/C$ also harden above about $200\\,\\mathrm{GV}$. Determine whether these features come from propagation (a break in the diffusion coefficient, self-generated turbulence), from source spectra, or from a nearby source, consistent with all species and with anisotropy data.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A single propagation model that fits primary and secondary spectra of all measured nuclei and the anisotropy across the two breaks.","status_note":"","title":"Origin of cosmic-ray spectral hardening and softening below the knee","topic_ref":"9361a52640d12aea0c06eba8ab45c71de10728afb1ce58839faac9301aaf079e"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"b5df733a211c5b408884c310eb9f55e81089ed47b185add8f707c7bdda98a92d","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"fc6282a921a40a004267e873ed69c4db0a491558724df723facd53a8b3d54d1b","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"uLj-YngeqxgVPxpmg9CrI9RqCtk9ztJF6_k_1k1ap2m1vuXsEY4NzgdXAWbedhY5L_omvzxnU6pskeXUsI_RBQ"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"b5df733a211c5b408884c310eb9f55e81089ed47b185add8f707c7bdda98a92d","leaf_index":511}