{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"bad316be95d86f35e66c9ea785067c8e55f4051576781f2130745f672c37070e","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:54Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"88bd4219a00e5c48852195060b6439dcbaebb40e156cd2909144f4153272985c","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.core-collapse-supernovae.explodability","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Some massive stars may vanish into black holes without an explosion; which ones do is unknown.","posed_since":"2009","precise":"Map the outcome (explosion leaving a neutron star, fallback black hole, or failed supernova with direct black hole formation) against pre-collapse core structure (compactness parameter xi_2.5, iron-core mass, Ertl two-parameter criterion) for initial masses $8 \\text{ to } 120\\,M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$. Answer: an outcome map from 3D simulations validated against the absence of observed red supergiant progenitors above $\\sim 17-18\\,M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$ and against disappearing-star searches.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Agreement between simulated outcome maps and a statistical sample of failed-supernova candidates and measured progenitor masses.","status_note":"2026: the disappearance of the massive hydrogen-depleted star M31-2014-DS1 in the Andromeda galaxy was published as a failed supernova forming a black hole.","title":"Which massive stars explode and which collapse quietly to black holes?","topic_ref":"6ce88d543f229da8760987ece77815cb22f0cdd520afe70f0c6fe63515181dfc"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"b9553e5ea789e5133e57b686acc10c026af5e9c7b93606b14fb4f4a0324dfb17","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"1ac9a6d11f5ec31a41edb41a8b92e2ec4eb5ed32907d62070b70a293be6e3dd1","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"XBEwP517hxIXRf-b0SEiBEKyCHFzgus9Z923VzBUx9tDemyVI556XQn__MHx-l4C3snFSyPYPEVSzRIAlHwWCA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"b9553e5ea789e5133e57b686acc10c026af5e9c7b93606b14fb4f4a0324dfb17","leaf_index":500}