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A trustworthy full-volume measurement does not exist.","posed_since":"1995","precise":"Develop a three-dimensional dosimeter with spatial resolution of 1 mm, dose accuracy of 2 percent, energy and dose-rate response within 1 percent of water, and traceability to a primary standard. Candidates: radiochromic and polymer gels, plastic scintillator volumes with optical tomography, and Cherenkov imaging. An answer is a demonstrated system meeting all four criteria simultaneously.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Independent verification against calorimetry and ion chambers across modalities, including ion and ultra-high dose-rate beams.","status_note":"","title":"Traceable three-dimensional dose 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