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This rhythm broke unexpectedly in 2016 and again in 2020, and the reason and future frequency of such breaks are unclear.","posed_since":"2016","precise":"Explain the 2015 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020 disruptions of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as a response to extratropical Rossby-wave momentum fluxes reaching the equator, determine the preconditioning required, and predict whether disruptions become more frequent with warming. An answer is a mechanism reproduced in models with a realistic internally generated QBO and a projected disruption frequency.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Ensembles of high-top models with internally generated QBOs that reproduce both disruptions from observed initial conditions and agree on projected disruption statistics.","status_note":"Both events are attributed to equatorward Rossby-wave momentum fluxes from the Northern and Southern winter stratospheres respectively, but future frequency remains unknown.","title":"Why was the quasi-biennial oscillation disrupted in 2016 and 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