{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"bcce45d84e228d21cea501e8754c601320758652826a361faebd2098507ba9c2","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:03Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"8bf672cf64f54440e4be7c5d182fb0c3ceb50921d86db212bcdda721b3bc856b","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"yes-no","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"earth.venus-divergence.venus-water","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Venus's atmosphere has far more heavy hydrogen than Earth's, a sign that it once held more water that escaped to space. Whether that water was ever a liquid ocean or stayed as steam is unknown.","posed_since":"","precise":"The Venus atmospheric D/H ratio is about 100 to 150 times Earth's ocean value. Climate models allow a temperate surface to about 0.7 Ga if water condensed early, while other models keep water in a steam atmosphere that never condensed after the magma ocean. Determine whether liquid water existed on the surface and for how long. An answer is a measurement or decisive constraint (noble-gas and D/H profiles, tessera composition, interior water content).","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Descent-probe noble gas and isotope measurements plus orbital infrared mapping of tessera rock composition from planned Venus missions.","status_note":"A 2024 analysis of volcanic gas chemistry (arXiv:2412.01879) argued for a dry Venus interior, disfavoring a long ocean epoch.","title":"Did Venus ever have surface oceans?","topic_ref":"2d563ce4d5d56d2365b73e28ad4b61c690ba87ce44cf2790d484e63faf665432"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"d848dac570f00c18b6ff4df2c27348d655af6874bf9aa1ac57b7e826ef8febf7","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"05775fe0627973fd471e5f29c6d2dbcb5df719623dfd226899e868d9c8abe01f","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"PEA5urd6pk0-21BjvknMVfdRuwlNsP1pGZA6wG03bnG8t9Y0yRAL7fX4oW69ZVTBiPWEQpq0xNuUvY9nDGXCDA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"d848dac570f00c18b6ff4df2c27348d655af6874bf9aa1ac57b7e826ef8febf7","leaf_index":1383}