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Which of these limits the best current qubits is not settled.","posed_since":"","precise":"For Ta- or Nb-based transmons with $T_{1}$ from $\\sim 0.3\\,\\mathrm{ms}$ to above $1\\,\\mathrm{ms}$ at $\\sim 4-5\\,\\mathrm{GHz}$ on sapphire or high-resistivity Si, determine the loss tangents $\\tan \\delta_{i}$ and participation ratios $p_{i}$ of the metal-air, metal-substrate, substrate-air, substrate bulk and junction regions, and identify which term dominates $1/Q = \\sum_{i} p_{i}\\tan \\delta_{i}$ plus non-dielectric channels.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Participation-resolved loss measurements on resonators and qubits of varied geometry from one fabrication process, with surface chemistry characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and bulk substrate loss measured separately.","status_note":"","title":"Which interface dominates dielectric loss in millisecond 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