{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"b67c1260d7cfb0b739deb22fc60005668bcedf63a5f52c97a6fb2ac276fe4375","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:02Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"5bac0f2065884dbc53eb8839eb1c207d7a52484e4ba4bcda9665cc91a3b005f9","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"identification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"cosmo.quantum-cosmology.measure-problem","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"In many inflation models inflation never ends everywhere and keeps producing infinitely many regions with different properties. Predicting what an observer should see then needs a rule for comparing infinities, and different rules give contradictory answers.","posed_since":"","precise":"In eternally inflating spacetimes (quantum jumps of the inflaton $H/(2\\pi)$ per Hubble time exceeding its classical roll, or many metastable vacua connected by tunneling), relative frequencies of observations depend on the cutoff used (proper time, scale factor, causal patch, light cone). Find a measure derived from first principles that is independent of time slicing, avoids the youngness paradox and domination by Boltzmann brains (observers formed by rare thermal fluctuations), and gives testable predictions such as the distribution of $\\Lambda$ or spatial curvature; or prove that no cutoff-independent measure exists for a defined class of spacetimes.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A measure derived from a quantum-gravity or wave-function framework that reproduces the observed $\\Lambda$ and predicts a further measurable quantity later confirmed.","status_note":"Freivogel (2011, Class. Quantum Grav. 28, 204007) reviews the proposed measures: several are excluded by observation and some are equivalent, with none derived from first principles.","title":"What probability measure applies to observations in eternal 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