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There is no accepted way to measure such doses absolutely.","posed_since":"2018","precise":"Establish traceable absolute dosimetry for pulses delivering 100 to 1000 rad in 1 to 4 microseconds, with instantaneous dose rates up to $10^9\\,\\mathrm{rad}/\\mathrm{s}$, where ion-chamber general recombination is severe and the Boag formalism (the standard correction for charge recombination in ion chambers) fails. Candidate standards: water and graphite calorimetry, Fricke and alanine chemical dosimeters, scintillator and Cherenkov detectors. An answer is a primary standard plus validated transfer detectors with uncertainty below 2 percent.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Agreement within 2 percent between calorimetric primary standards and transfer dosimeters across the pulse-structure range.","status_note":"Calorimeter-based ultra-high dose-rate standards were under development at several national laboratories as of 2025.","title":"Absolute dosimetry at ultra-high dose 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