{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"2fabf35d733a2d95cec5a0cba2c72def696cddcf3d02d160abe9bdc212016788","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:08Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"78fcb52c2e5425d3a0cb709fa55d03aa5612e78223ce810534bdc5c9be61a5a9","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"plasma.collisionless-shocks.electron-heating","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Behind fast shocks in supernova remnants, electrons end up much colder than ions, while behind slow shocks the two are similar. Which processes heat electrons inside a collisionless shock is not known.","posed_since":"","precise":"Balmer-line observations of supernova remnant shocks show downstream $T_{\\mathrm{e}}/T_{\\mathrm{i}}$ near 1 at low shock speed and well below 1 at high speed. Identify the electron heating mechanism (cross-shock potential, wave heating by Buneman or whistler instabilities, reconnection in the shock transition) and derive $T_{\\mathrm{e}}/T_{\\mathrm{i}}$ versus Mach number and obliquity. An answer is a derived relation matching observations and kinetic simulations.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Kinetic simulations at realistic mass ratio reproducing the observed $T_{\\mathrm{e}}/T_{\\mathrm{i}}$ trend, with the mechanism identified.","status_note":"","title":"Electron heating and electron-ion temperature ratio at 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