{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"857909c3fdafe732b04007ff6e54d3748e7341e9bacf9bcc840f2198c67f124e","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["85cde0442f922aea41deabf2aed2e09b559dee9ba34d3c98b3315c0a16306e78","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"25d59e750cb86f21dc097a9652afa5da27114715ddbc6a4700e33718ee9d19a0","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"yes-no","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"grav.evaporation-backreaction.remnant-consistency","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"If tiny black-hole leftovers stored all the information, each would need an enormous number of internal states. Such objects might then be produced in huge numbers in ordinary processes, contradicting experiment.","posed_since":"","precise":"Consider objects of mass $\\sim m_{P}$ with $N\\sim \\exp(S_{\\mathrm{initial}})$ internal states, where $S_{\\mathrm{initial}}$ can be arbitrarily large. Determine whether an effective field theory containing such remnants avoids pair-production rates and thermal contributions proportional to $N$, for example through form factors that suppress their couplings, while remaining unitary and local. Answer yes with a consistent model, or no with a general argument.","problem_ref":"85cde0442f922aea41deabf2aed2e09b559dee9ba34d3c98b3315c0a16306e78","references":"","settled_by":"An explicit consistent effective theory of remnants with bounded production rates, or a theorem excluding them.","status_note":"The infinite-production objection (Giddings, Susskind, 1994-1995) is widely accepted; proposed escapes via remnants with large interiors remain disputed as of 2026.","title":"Are long-lived Planck-mass remnants consistent with quantum field 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