{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"2b91a61033e7b26a71ec64fa4753baa5b34d3086cdcd64da04c8215417891147","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:58Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"0600d492c26020f95610b6ec8ed0e019954ae76c6fdb9833fca3662e41c89169","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"identification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"chem.excited-states.carotenoid-dark-states","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Carotenoids, the orange pigments in carrots and plant leaves, have excited states that do not absorb light directly but appear in fast laser experiments. One of them, called S*, has been assigned to at least four different origins.","posed_since":"","precise":"In ultrafast transient absorption of carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, spirilloxanthin) in solution and in light-harvesting complexes, the $S*$ signal has been assigned to a vibrationally hot $S1$ ($2\\mathrm{Ag}-$) state, a distinct electronic state ($1\\mathrm{Bu}-$ or triplet-pair character), a twisted conformer, or ground-state population. Identify the electronic and vibrational character of $S*$, its formation path from $S2$ ($1\\mathrm{Bu}+$), and its role in carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer. An answer is an assignment consistent with transient absorption and 2D spectra and with multireference calculations on polyenes of 9 to 13 conjugated double bonds.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Multireference excited-state dynamics on full-length carotenoids compared with two-dimensional electronic and vibrational spectra in solution and in protein.","status_note":"","title":"Nature of the dark $S*$ state in 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