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The ocean must have stored the missing carbon, but the mix of processes that did this is still debated.","posed_since":"","precise":"Quantify the contributions of ocean temperature and solubility, Southern Ocean sea-ice capping and stratification, iron fertilization of the biological pump, carbonate compensation and terrestrial carbon to the roughly $90\\,\\mathrm{ppm}$ glacial-interglacial $p\\mathrm{CO}2$ change, with a budget that closes within proxy uncertainty. An answer is a quantitative carbon budget consistent with deep-ocean carbon-14 ages, $\\delta-13\\mathrm{C}$ and carbonate-ion proxies at the Last Glacial Maximum.","problem_ref":"f95965742d9c7f4838a3a47b2517d1852aa39af502b7e327977b7078d5dfef45","references":"","settled_by":"An Earth-system model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum that matches ice-core $p\\mathrm{CO}2$ together with radiocarbon, $\\delta-13\\mathrm{C}$ and carbonate-ion proxy fields.","status_note":"","title":"What lowered atmospheric $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ by about $90\\,\\mathrm{ppm}$ in glacial 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