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The relativistic effect that links spin to motion, spin-orbit coupling, is only a few milli-electronvolts (a tiny energy) in carbon, which predicts effects hundreds of times smaller.","posed_since":"1999","precise":"Explain spin polarizations P of 10 to 60 percent reported in photoemission through chiral monolayers and in magnetoconductance of chiral molecular junctions, given atomic spin-orbit coupling constants of about 3 meV (C) to 20 meV (O), and much smaller effective couplings in the molecular orbitals. An answer is a microscopic mechanism with no fitted parameters that reproduces P, its sign versus handedness, and its dependence on molecular length and temperature.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A first-principles theory reproducing quantitative CISS data on a benchmark system measured consistently in several laboratories.","status_note":"Reviews from 2022 to 2024 report that realistic single-particle spin-orbit models give at most a few percent polarization and no mechanism is accepted.","title":"Why chiral molecules polarize electron spins so 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