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Is this chemistry, plus how well each gas conducts heat, enough to predict the brightness and stability for every noble gas?","posed_since":"1997","precise":"For single-bubble sonoluminescence in water with dissolved gas concentration c_inf/c_0 and noble-gas species He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, predict from bubble dynamics with chemistry, heat conduction and water-vapor trapping the stable region in the (P_a, c_inf/c_0) plane and the light yield per flash for each gas, including the large yield increase from He to Xe. An answer is a single model that matches measured phase diagrams and yields for all five gases.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A side-by-side comparison of measured phase diagrams and absolute light yields for all five noble gases with one parameter-free simulation.","status_note":"Argon rectification is supported by phase-diagram experiments since 1997; no quantitative first-principles account of how light yield depends on the gas as of 2026 (not re-verified for 2024-2026).","title":"Do argon rectification and gas properties explain noble-gas sonoluminescence 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