STATTopic
Statistical physics of long-range interacting systems
When every particle feels every other one, as with gravity or charges in a plasma, energy does not add up over parts in the usual way. Such systems can have negative heat capacity and can stay out of equilibrium for times that grow with the number of particles.
Why it matters
Galaxies, plasmas, vortices in two-dimensional fluids and atoms in optical cavities all fall in this class, where standard thermodynamics fails.
Review
T. Dauxois, S. Ruffo, E. Arimondo, M. Wilkens, Dynamics and thermodynamics of systems with long range interactions: an introduction, Lecture Notes in Physics, 2002. https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0208455 reference checked
Proof
- Signed record
- ab4bc09e1403…
- Public log
- Entry 356, in checkpoint 2,123
- Bitcoin date
- Block 969,698, 2026-10-03